November 2025

The incidence of  type 2 diabetes is rising among children and adolescents, often leading to early complications. Timely diagnosis, multidisciplinary care and access to new treatments are crucial to improving long-term outcomes for affected patients.  

Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea is a reversible cause of secondary amenorrhoea resulting from suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis due to low energy availability, excessive exercise, disordered eating or psychological stress. Management centres on restoring energy balance, reducing stress and supporting recovery of normal menstrual function.